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author: behemoth.

about the author: behemoth

on december 27, 1941, vagso (norway) under german occupationVaagso) island, the entire island is immersed in the aftermath of christmas celebrations, even the german defenders on the island are no exception. at this moment, all of norway has been occupied by germany for more than a year. although the british intelligence agency "special operations branch" (Special Operations Executive), the norwegian resistance organization is growing and growing, but, at least here, they still have reason to believe that they are safe.

suddenly, in the distant sky, several large aircraft appeared. as the outline of the aircraft became more and more obvious, some experienced veterans identified it. it was not a german air force aircraft, but a british aircraft. ! soon, the shrill sound of air defense sirens and the explosion of bombs intertwined, playing the first movement of the symphony of death...

the birth of "gomande"

just as the last allied ship left the french port of dunkirk (Dunkirk), the defeat of the allied forces in the european continent was determined, and the once strong british expeditionary force (British Expeditionary Force，BEF) also ended up in an embarrassing situation where he lost all his armor and armor. although about 300,000 allied troops successfully evacuated to the british mainland through the hard work of the british and french navies and the civilian shipping industry, the loss of a large number of personnel and technical equipment is still shocking. more importantly, the morale of the allied soldiers who had just been defeated and returned to britain was low, and the invasion of the powerful nazi german army was imminent.

as head of the war cabinet and leader of all the british people, prime minister winston churchill (Winston Churchill) knew very well that the top priority at this time was to enhance the confidence of the military and even the entire british public in their country's fight against the invasion of nazi germany. just after the dunkirk evacuation, the british had understood that their empire was isolated and about to bear the arduous task of resisting the entire axis army alone. whether the entire army is wiped out or the situation is turned back depends solely on their determination and belief. there will be no real "peace" between britain and germany until a winner is finally decided. soon, the "dunkirk spirit" born in the dunkirk evacuation spread in the uk, and the "sit-in war" (phoney war) the negative emotions during the period have long since disappeared. the british began a series of mobilizations in the country and began to prepare for an arduous battle to defend their homeland.

however, in churchill's view, defense alone was not enough. as he said to other cabinet members, "the defensive thinking that destroyed france must not be allowed to destroy our country again." although the third reich had already occupied almost the entire european continent has adopted an offensive posture, but churchill still has not retreated. on the contrary, he is trying to launch a series of offensive operations to lead the war to the occupied areas of the third reich.

while churchill was trying to take the initiative to attack the german army, many people in the british army were thinking about the same thing. at that time, as the chief of the general staff of the imperial supreme staff (Chief of the Imperial General Staff，CIGS) sir john deere (Sir John Dilldudley clark, military assistant toDudley Clarke) lieutenant colonel has done a lot of research on some irregular combats in history. at this time, he had an idea in his mind. he believed that the british army also needed to follow these irregular combat examples and seize every favorable opportunity to surprise the german army. surprise attack. he pointed out as an example that during the boer war (Boer War), the "commando team" (kommandos) the once overwhelming british army was exhausted. they often attacked the british army without warning, and then quickly retreated after inflicting fatal blows to the british army. since such tactics can be realized by the british themselves, why can't the british army follow suit and form their own "commando team" to launch a surprise attack on the german army? therefore, clark proposed that an amphibious assault force could be formed to launch a series of raids against german targets on the european continent. he reported this idea to dill, who in turn reported it to churchill. churchill felt that this was very to his liking, so he ordered clark to immediately form a force that could carry out assault missions as quickly as possible. although the order is very urgent, in order to prepare for the operation in norway, the british army has formed a series of independent company-level units. these units composed of volunteers from the army have previously received a series of special operations training. . within 3 weeks, such a force was formed. because churchill demanded that raids into german-occupied areas begin as soon as possible, the department was put into combat in a near-hurry situation.

on june 24, 1940, just three weeks after the evacuation of dunkirk, soldiers from the army’s 11th independent company (No.11 Independent Company) about 200 officers and soldiers took several rescue speedboats from the british royal air force and arrived at the port of boulogne (Boulogne), codenamed "operation kohler" (Operation Collar) armed reconnaissance operations. according to the plan, in addition to conducting reconnaissance, they will also try to capture some prisoners so that they can be brought back to the british mainland for interrogation and learn about the situation of the german garrison from their mouths. due to lack of preparation, this raid was full of loopholes. fortunately, the german army was still immersed in its previous victory and was somewhat unprepared for the sudden arrival of the british army. two people were killed during the battle, while the british army only had 1 people get hurt. although the british troops were forced to retreat afterwards, the operation was still regarded as a successful raid and was widely publicized by the british.

although they hit a wall in boulogne, the tenacious british did not give up. only 20 days later, on july 14, the british army launched "operation ambassador" (Operation Ambassador), and this time, the target is the british channel islands that had been occupied by the german army (Channel Islandsguernsey ( ) inGuernsey). however, compared to the previous attack on boulogne, this attack was more chaotic. due to a series of accidents and bad luck, only 40 of the 140-man assault force finally landed on guernsey. after a period of melee, they only cut off one telephone line on the island, but they paid the price of one person being killed and three people captured. in the end, they had to withdraw from the battlefield in a hurry. the entire operation ended in a complete failure.

the raids on boulogne and guernsey exposed many problems. one of the most prominent ones was that the british army still had many loopholes and deficiencies in personnel training and organization. in particular, the hastily organized troops often failed during battle. there seems to be a lack of tacit understanding. under such circumstances, the necessity of forming a force dedicated to conducting surprise operations behind enemy lines becomes particularly prominent. the "commando" proposed by clark eventually evolved into the english word "commando", which became the name of the new unit. from then on, the "command" unit, the originator of modern special forces, officially appeared in history. on stage.

figure 1. "gomande" troop badge. the submachine gun, sea anchor and eagle patterns in the badge represent the army, navy and air force respectively, which also reflects the special nature of special operations.

due to the attention of the wartime cabinet, the recruitment of personnel for the "gomande" unit was progressing very smoothly. as of august, the number of personnel in the "gomande" unit had reached nearly 2,000. accordingly, by in november of that year, the gomande force was officially organized into a special operations brigade, led by former assistant secretary of war brig. joseph charles hayden (Brig Joseph Charles Haydon) commanded by brigadier general. as a former irish guards (Irish Guards), hayden had played a prominent role in organizing the evacuation of members of the dutch royal family to england. relying on his excellent organizational leadership skills, 11 commando teams under the "gomande" force (several other commando teams were later established as the war situation developed) were quickly formed. carefully selected junior officers and non-commissioned officers with excellent tactical qualities were recruited into each commando team and became the backbone of the combat operations. with the training plan adapted to the needs of special operations being compiled, relevant training work has officially begun.

during this period, soldiers who had participated in previous operations on the european continent and the raids on boulogne and guernsey put forward some of their own opinions and suggestions on some of the problems they had encountered in previous operations. for example, during the landing operations special landing ships are needed, and there are also some problems with the light weapons they used before. in addition, soldiers also need more practical training to obtain the required combat skills. in short, as a force that performs tasks behind enemy lines, the "gomand" force must be self-reliant and fight independently, be able to march long and long distances for a long time, lurk in open areas, and rely solely on its own equipment to complete its mission. after a period of exploration, the training of the "gomande" unit has begun to get on track. its training intensity far exceeds that of ordinary british troops. every training team member has been involved in high-intensity training almost since they opened their eyes in the morning. . it was under such rigorous training that these trainees completed their transformation from ordinary soldiers to the elite among the elite, and the "gomande" unit truly became a trump card of the british army.

return to continental europe

after nearly half a year of training, by the beginning of 1941, some commandos in the "gomande" unit had become combat capable. under this circumstance, the "joint operations command" under the ministry of war (Combined Operations Headquarters，COHQ) start looking for a suitable target for it. due to the lessons learned from the previous failures in the operations of boulogne and guernsey, churchill specifically requested that the operation must cause substantial casualties to the german army, rather than just some intrusive attacks.

after some selection, the lofoten islands (located in northern norway)Lofoten Islands) became one of the earliest targets. the area is rich in fishery resources, and there are numerous fish oil processing plants scattered around the island. choosing this area as an attack target can, on the one hand, cause certain losses to the german supply lines, but on the other hand, the german forces there are relatively weak. combat operations here can conduct actual combat tests on the "gomande" troops to verify whether they have combat capabilities. after careful planning, the operation will be carried out in march, codenamed "operation broad sword" (Operation Claymore）。

on march 4, 1941, the troop transport "queen emma" (full of landing officers and soldiers) (HMS Queen Emma) and "princess beatrix" (HMS Princess Beatrix) in the 6th destroyer detachment of the royal navy (6th Destroyer Flotilla) left the assembly area scapa flow (Scapa Flow), sailing to the lofoten islands. the landing force was personally commanded by hayden, and in addition to a total of 500 officers and men from 3rd and 4th commando groups (250 men from each detachment), it also included members from the 55th field engineer company of the royal engineers (No 55 Field Company) and 52 officers and soldiers from the "free norwegian forces" (Free Norwegian Force) of 52 officers and soldiers.

figure 2. a soldier of the "free norway force" who participated in the raid displayed the norwegian flag on the landing craft, with the joy of victory on his face.

when approaching the lofoten islands, the landing troops transferred to assault landing craft and landed on the islands from four directions. the landing operation was completely sudden. the landing troops suppressed the slight resistance of the german troops on the island at the first opportunity, and captured about 228 german prisoners and 10 other norwegian defectors at the cost of only one injured person. in the process of british troops destroying fish oil processing plants and other facilities on the island, the norwegian residents of the island understood the righteousness of these actions to destroy their factories and facilities in order to fight against the invaders. just as the landing force was preparing to retreat, 315 norwegian residents on the island voluntarily followed the british army in their retreat (on the one hand, they hoped to go to britain to continue fighting against nazi germany, and on the other hand, they wanted to avoid retaliation from the resurgent german army). the entire operation completely achieved the planned combat mission and was a great victory.

figure 3. norwegian residents preparing to retreat with the british army

just four months after "operation broadsword", on june 22, 1941, the axis forces attacked the soviet union's "barbarossa" (Barbarossa) plan was launched when the soviet union was caught off guard, and the soviet army lost a large number of effective forces in a short period of time. facing the unfavorable war situation, the soviet union proposed to the british side that it hoped that the british army would launch a series of combat operations on the western front to contain the german troops and reduce the pressure on the soviet troops on the eastern front. however, at this time, the axis powers were gaining strength in western europe. the british army only had a certain strength in the mediterranean and the middle east. the british army had an important stronghold in the mediterranean on the island of malta (Malta) is being attacked by the german and italian coalition forces by sea and air, and is in a state of danger at any time. in greece and crete (Crete), the allied battle has been defeated, but in north africa, the british army is still fighting with rommel (Rommel) led the african corps (german: deutsches afrikakorps ) fight a tough battle. the war situation of the british army is very tight, but the bad news coming from the eastern front reminds the british war cabinet that if some actions are not taken to harass the axis troops to distract them, then once the soviet union cannot resist with the axis forces at the forefront, britain's situation will only become more dangerous. under such circumstances, special operations have almost become the only option.

churchill found roger kenyes, commander-in-chief of the "joint operations command" (Roger Keyes) general, asked him to send his men to carry out more harassment operations on the western front to cooperate with the soviet army that was fighting the german army on the eastern front. after some analysis of the battlefield situation and the strength of the enemy and ourselves, kenyes decided to send a small group of commandos to land on the european continent, wait for opportunities to find the weak links of the german army, and conduct "hit and run" harassment operations. from july 1941 to september 1941, the "gomande" troops crossed the english channel (English Channel) and beihai (North Sea), and launched multiple raids in norway and france. most of these operations had the main purpose of destroying and capturing prisoners. they tried to entangle themselves with large german troops during the operation and retreated immediately after completing the mission to avoid staying too long in the german-occupied areas. however, it is obvious that this will not bring any losses worth mentioning to the german army, let alone create pressure on the german army and alleviate the war situation on the eastern front. therefore, conducting a larger-scale special operation to defeat the german army in one fell swoop and making berlin truly feel the threat from the western front became the next step for the joint operations command to think about.

an operation of this scale certainly relied on the coordination of the army, navy and air force. however, at that time, the entire united kingdom had just recovered from the pain of the battle of britain. the british army's multi-service cooperative combat capabilities had yet to be improved, and such a combat capability had yet to be truly formed. time. in addition, the chiefs of staff of all branches of the british army at that time believed that unless a large number of german troops were annihilated in a major battle, and the german army was finally eliminated, it would be impossible to defeat nazi germany. therefore, they generally regarded such a "small fight" style there is a lack of interest in raids and one does not want to invest too many resources into them, although such actions have a very good effect on boosting morale and can improve the overall training level to a certain extent. the army did not want to divert its most elite soldiers to carry out such risky missions, and the navy also expressed little interest in sending ships to escort missions that could be sent elsewhere to perform other more important tasks. as for the air force, compared with for such a raid, they preferred to directly bomb the german war machine in order to weaken its war potential. although kenyers made full use of his charisma, it did not enable him to persuade the chiefs of staff to support his plan.

by october 1941, the relationship between kenyes and the chiefs of staff had reached the point of tension. under such circumstances, churchill was forced to decide to replace kenyes with a more youthful, powerful and wealthy leader. a newcomer who has an enterprising spirit and can maintain good relationships with the chiefs of staff. in the end, he chose the young officer lord louis mountbatten, a member of the royal family.Lord Louis Mountbatten) as the new commander of the joint operations command.

figure 4. on june 8, 1942, mountbatten was featured on the cover of times magazine because he commanded the "gomand" troops to complete difficult tasks many times. in the background, the "gomand" was performing a raid mission. group portraits of german troops

as the most famous officer in the entire british royal navy at the time, lord mountbatten first served as the destroyer hms kelly (HMS Kelly) captain, after the "kelly" was sunk by german bombers in the waters near crete on may 23, 1941, he was transferred to the aircraft carrier "glorious" (HMS Illustrious) captain. when he received churchill's appointment, he was participating in the maintenance work of the "glorious" in the united states. after that, he immediately flew back to the uk from the united states and took office.

although he has royal blood, due to the reckless style he showed in previous battles, when he was appointed as the new commander of the joint operations command, such a decision attracted a lot of criticism. it is also worth mentioning that as a colonel officer, he is still lacking both in terms of qualifications and war experience. in front of the senior chiefs of general staff, he will inevitably appear a bit "intimidating". don’t live there”. in order to solve this problem, mountbatten's military ranks were quickly promoted. not only did he quickly become a commodore, but then he was promoted to a vice admiral at a rocket speed. he also won the unprecedented title of lieutenant general of the army and lieutenant general of the air force. military rank at the time (traditionally only the king of england could hold the ranks of all three armies at the same time). many people criticized this appointment, especially dudley pound, then first sea lord.Dudley Pound) fiercely opposed this appointment, believing it to be an open mockery of the tradition of the royal navy. whether relying on his status as a member of the royal family or his true abilities, mountbatten assumed such responsibilities and began serious operational planning and implementation.

destination: vagso island

on october 27, 1941, mountbatten arrived at the joint operations command in london to take up his post. it is undeniable that with the addition of churchill and the "red man" in front of the king, special operations began to be taken seriously and gained. sufficient priority. the ambitious mountbatten even stated that he hoped to send commandos to carry out small raids every other week. of course, he also knew very well that such a mission could only be regarded as troop training, and what was more important were those major raids. even before he took office, joc officers had identified a series of targets suitable for raids along the continent's coastline. on this basis, mountbatten also proposed that he hope to find an area suitable for large-scale mechanical operations. the area must have several beaches suitable for landing, the strength and defenses of the local garrison must be known, and the enemy's concentration areas must also be mapped out.

after some hard work by their officers, they finally found hundreds of areas suitable for such tasks along the coastline from norway to spain. among them, vagso (norway)Vaagso) is also selected. just before that, the ministry of economic war (Ministry of Economic Warfare) have been paying attention to the fish oil industry in vagso. the fish oil processed here is being continuously shipped to germany, so they once found the special operations department (Special Operations Executive，SOE), hoping they would find ways to sabotage the island's factories and render them useless. however, after some weighing, the special operations office believed that although the strength of the local resistance organizations in norway could complete such a task, subsequent retaliatory actions by the german army against the locals would lead to more serious consequences, so they did not decide to carry out such a mission. action. just after the economic warfare department hit a wall with the special operations division, they found the joint operations command, hoping to use the power of "gomand" to complete their set plan.

although seemingly inconspicuous, fish oil played an unimaginable role in the war machine of the third reich. as an important raw material for extracting vitamin a, the production of fish oil is directly related to the production of vitamin a, which is crucial for the submariners of the german navy because they often sail underwater, sometimes even in closed darkness. as a means of compensating for spending weeks inside the submarine's cabin, which deprives them of exposure to sunlight, they must regularly take fish oil to stay healthy. in addition, because fish oil can be used to refine glycerin, and glycerin can be used as a raw material for nitroglycerin to produce various explosives, fish oil has actually become a strategic resource, destroying the fish oil attack on germany. supply has become a very important task.

due to the "special interest" of the ministry of economic war in the fish oil processing plant in vagso, this place has become the highest priority among the alternative targets. as the investigation of vagso deepened, the staff of the joint operations command felt more and more that this was the place they were looking for. they then submitted a report on vagso to mountbatten, who later conferred with his staff and expressed great appreciation for their plan. with the consent of the commander of the joint operations command himself, the next thing to do is to win the support of the royal navy and the royal air force.

here, we might as well give a brief introduction to vagso island and the situation in norway at that time. judging from the map, vagso island is located near the western coast of norway, in trondheim (Trondheim) and bergen (Bergen) between these two ports, about 100 meters away from oslo, the capital of norway (Oslo) approximately 220 miles northwest. the island faces the north sea and is surrounded by several waterways, large and small. as of 1941, there were about 2,500 residents on the island. most of them lived in the south of the island, where most of the fish oil processing plants were located. the largest one was located a few kilometers east of malloy island. a hundred meters away. in terms of german defense forces, the german troops responsible for defending the entire coast came from the 181st infantry division of the wehrmacht. the division commander is kurt wojtek (Kurt Woytasch) major general, who entered the battle at the beginning of the norwegian campaign, arrived at the battlefield by airlift, and participated in a series of battles to occupy norway. since then, the division has been stationed in central and western norway. just after the german army occupied vagso island and nearby islands, the german army deployed a coastal defense artillery battery at the southernmost tip of malloy island to guard the waterways flowing through malloy island and vagso island and the nearby fjords. . about 6 miles south of vagso island, another coastal defense artillery battery was deployed. the main role of these coastal defense forces is to block the allied forces when they launch a landing and thwart their landing attempts. however, it also takes a certain amount of time for these forces to deploy during wartime.

it seems that the german defense forces on vagso island and its surroundings are quite considerable. however, upon careful analysis, such defenses are far from impregnable. the four 105mm howitzers deployed on the main position on malloy island are still antiques from the first world war, while the three 135mm artillery pieces on another position 4 miles southeast are still outdated objects captured from the soviet union.

figure 5. the british commandos who invaded the shore defense artillery position on malloy island are inspecting a 105mm howitzer. from the appearance, this gun should be kept in a museum rather than being dragged to the battlefield. people visit

norway played an important role in adolf hitler's war plans. norway not only has a large number of mineral and fishery resources, but also iron ore from sweden is continuously transported to germany through railway lines in norway. what is particularly important is that norway has a long coastline and many islands and fjords, which are very suitable for ships to station. german navy ships and various cargo ships and merchant ships can use the cover of islands and fjords to enter and exit norway, avoiding british royal navy ships patrolling the north sea. especially after the outbreak of the soviet-german war, in order to support the soviet union, the allies opened the arctic route to transport a large amount of weapons, equipment and other strategic materials to the soviet union. this lifeline happened to pass through the waters near norway, which also gave the german navy and air force opportunities to attack them. the conditions were created for conducting volleys. especially in the famous "bismarck" (Bismarck)'s sister ship "tirpitz" (Tirpitz) entered norway, the entire arctic route became more dangerous.

in order to speed up the digestion and absorption of norway and completely integrate it into the territory of the third reich, just after occupying norway, nazi germany quickly supported vidkon quisling (Vidkun Quisling) as the representative of the norwegian puppet regime, and began to implement the "nazification" movement throughout norway, which was naturally opposed by the norwegian people. resistance organizations quickly developed in norway, almost starting a prairie fire. and king haakon vii of norway (who had retreated to the british mainland in the previous norwegian campaign)Haakon VII) and government officials established a new norwegian government-in-exile in the uk, and they called on all norwegian people to rise up against nazi german rule. at the king's call, a total of about 80,000 norwegians fled norway during the war, and more than 28,000 of them joined the allied camp and directly fought against the axis powers. among them, the norwegian army is generally only responsible for some coastal security and medical rescue tasks due to its small number. however, the "norwegian independent company" participating in the battle in the name of the 5th company of the 10th commando (Norwegian Independent Company) performed well in the war and left a deep impression on the british army. the norwegian pilots who retreated to the british mainland were organized into four squadrons and had outstanding achievements in the battle to defend britain. among them, no. 331 (norwegian) squadron later became the squadron with the best record in southern england. at the same time, the norwegian navy had 118 ships of various types break through and reach the united kingdom before the entire territory was occupied. in the subsequent war, they undertook a large number of escort missions and lost 60 ships in the battle. it is also worth mentioning that the norwegian merchant fleet, which was large before the war, also had about 1,000 ships and nearly 27,000 sailors joining the allied camp during the war, playing a prominent role in the atlantic operations.

getting back to the topic, in the previous raid on the lofoten islands, 315 norwegian residents followed the commando team in retreating back to the british mainland. in view of this, in this attack on vagso island, there will also be norwegian residents who may follow the commando team in retreat. in response to this situation, special preparations were made during the planning process for the norwegians who were preparing to board the ship. since the raid on the lofoten islands caused a lot of accidental damage to the norwegian residents, the plan for this operation also deliberately tried to reduce the accidental damage to the norwegian residents. in addition, mountbatten himself also proposed that a special amount of money be allocated to compensate norwegian residents who suffered losses due to the raid. this suggestion was rejected by alan blok, the then chief of staff of the joint staff.Alan Brooke) jazz's objection. in his view, if compensation was paid to the norwegians in this operation, it would set a very embarrassing precedent, which would also create a series of troubles after the war. indeed, britain was unlikely to compensate them for losses incurred in the fight to liberate european countries from nazi germany. however, other more constructive suggestions were accepted, such as the distribution of christmas gifts to children on vagso island.

later, at a meeting of the chiefs of staff of the various services, someone proposed that releasing smoke screens during the attack could achieve the purpose of concealing oneself. at the same time, in order to improve the effect, the commandos will also wear civilian gas masks during the attack. however, this idea quickly met with opposition. the chiefs of staff believed that if the german troops defending the island saw british troops wearing gas masks emerging from the smoke screen, they would probably think that the british troops had used chemical weapons and publicize this, which would have an adverse impact on later operations. in short, we must not take such a big risk because of such an action. amid the opposition, the proposal to release the smokescreen ultimately came to nothing.

in a series of previous raids, we managed to obtain german confidential files and "enig codes" (Enigma) encryption machines have always been an important purpose, and this raid on vagso island is no exception. from the british point of view, if the raid was completely sudden, the german troops who hastily organized resistance would not have time to destroy documents and cipher machines. after seizing these documents and cipher machines, it would have a great impact on the allied intelligence agencies. has a significant role. especially when the british were actively trying to decipher the german code at that time, at bletchley manor (Bletchley Park) has gathered the best mathematicians and cryptologists from all over the uk and even europe. they urgently need to obtain the latest german cipher machine samples in order to understand its structure and determine whether the german side has improved the ciphers and cipher machines so that they can have carry out targeted deciphering work. in a mission statement later sent to the troops participating in the war, there was this description of the capture of the ships on the island:

"it is particularly important that for those ships, especially escort ships and armed tugs, no 'documents' must be damaged or discarded. during the boarding process, all parts of the ship must be inspected, especially the archives and wheelhouse. check the captain's cabin to find 'documents' left on the ship. all 'documents' must be secured to prevent damage, and do not tamper with the keys on the 'typewriter' or 'small machinery' as this may cause damage. the value of the seized items will be greatly reduced. once any of the above items are found, report it to the commander of the 10th cruiser squadron immediately, and remember that the content of the report must not be in clear code."

figure 6. staff working on codebreaking at bletchley manor

in fact, this mission statement contains a lot of code words. the "file" in it represents confidential files, and "typewriter" and "small machine" are actually the names of the "enigma" cipher machine. the reason why the commandos were strictly prohibited from fiddling with the keys on the cipher machine when they discovered it was because the staff at bletchley manor needed to accurately grasp the arrangement of the keys on the cipher machine on the day of the raid, and based on other intercepted cipher texts, they needed to its working principle and password compilation principle are further studied.