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second stage:“facts and recovery”

minister jaishankar said the second phase of india's foreign interests was the "realism and recovery" brought about by china in 1962-71. plagued by slow growth and a lack of self-confidence, india was on the defensive during this period, plagued by seemingly intractable poverty and unrest in areas such as muslim-dominated kashmir, the tribal areas of the northeast, and tamil nadu in the south. . nehru said this unease reflected india's "divisive" tendencies. in 1965, pakistani troops infiltrated into kashmir in the hope of an uprising. india retaliated. the second indo-pak war lasted nearly three weeks and ended in a stalemate, resulting in thousands of casualties. the war has heightened long-standing suspicions in the indian government that foreign influence is fomenting revolt among minorities, especially muslims, who make up about one-seventh of india's population. in the 1960s, u.s. president johnson intensified the war in vietnam, further straining india-u.s. relations.

india feared and hated the vietnam war, which it believed violated american arrogance and hegemony in india's backyard. india received a boost from american science during this period. nobel peace prize winner and american agriculturist norman borlaug collaborated with ms swaminathan and other indian scientists to achieve a breakthrough in increasing agricultural yields, the so-called green revolution, that india will achieve in the coming decades food self-sufficiency. but india's economy is still guided by economists who support central planning and government control. the few private businesses that existed were the nation's leading enterprises supported by the government, but the "license-permit-quota" system hampered economic growth and innovation, despite nehru's visionary creation of a series of indian science and technology research institutions. without foreign technology and investment, the indian economy seemed stagnant, power and utilities were unstable, and a symbol of backwardness was the ubiquitous domestic car in the 1950s - which remained the only car on indian roads until the 1980s.