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a battle for jiaozhou: cao cao vs liu biao

the origin of jiaozhou comes from the jiaozhi provincial administration. in the sixth year of yuanding (112 bc), after emperor wu of the han dynasty conquered the nanyue kingdom, he established the so-called "jiaozhi provincial administration" and divided the area into 7 counties: nanhai, cangwu, yulin, hepu, jiaozhi, jiuzhen, and rinan, including most of the present-day guangdong and guangxi regions, north to jiangyong county in hunan, and south to the vast area of ​​hue, vietnam. the capital was yinglou county (now northwest of hanoi, vietnam). among them, there were three counties in the vietnamese part of jiaozhi: jiaozhi (also known as jiaozhi, now tokyo, vietnam, that is, northern vietnam), jiuzhen (now thanh hoa province, nghe an province, ha tinh province, quang binh province, vietnam, that is, northern vietnam), and rinan (the county seat is south of hue, vietnam, that is, central vietnam and part of the south), and 56 counties. entering the chaotic times at the end of the han dynasty, the jiaozhi area was peaceful because of its remote location and far away from the central plains. it became a pure land in the chaotic times. many people from the central plains or jingyang took refuge in jiaozhou, and the population of jiaozhou increased instead of decreasing.hundreds of chinese scholars went there to seek refuge". lingnan region has been fertile since ancient times, rich in copper and iron."precious treasures, pearls, spices, ivory, rhinoceros horn, coral, glass, parrots, jade, peacocks" and other rare treasures to play with, it can be called a "treasure land" with an important geographical location. in the eighth year of jian'an (203), the eastern han court abolished the jiaozhi provincial administration and established jiaozhou, which governed longbian (now bac ninh, vietnam) and governed guangdong, guangxi and central and northern vietnam. this was also the beginning of the battle for jiaozhou in the three kingdoms period.

after cao cao controlled the central plains, he set his sights on jiaozhou, and the powerful people in jiaozhou became the targets of cao cao's wooing. at that time, the most powerful force in jiaozhou was the local powerful family shi. the shi family lived in guangxin, cangwu (now wuzhou, guangxi), and was a scholarly family in jiaozhou in the late eastern han dynasty. the ancestors of the shi family came from wenyang, lu state, and their family first fled to jiaozhi due to the rebellion of wang mang. after 6 generations of development, wealth was accumulated, and family traditions were passed down from generation to generation. by the time of shi ci, some people began to serve as officials. shi ci himself served as the prefect of rinan county during the reign of emperor huan. relying on his father's protection, shi ci's son shi xie was selected as a filial and honest official and began to step onto the political stage. shi xie once traveled to the capital and studied confucian classics with the great confucian scholar liu tao from yingchuan. shi xie's "i indulge in the spring and autumn annals... the zuo zhuan is particularly concise and subtle... the book of history covers both ancient and modern times..."in 187, shi xie was appointed governor of jiaozhi, marking the first step in his plan to establish a separatist regime in jiaozhou. at that time, the governor of jiaozhou and shi xie's immediate superior was zhu fu, the son of zhu jun, the grand commandant (who had led troops to suppress the yellow turban rebellion). zhu fu was tyrannical and incompetent, oppressing the people and levying all kinds of harsh taxes. eventually, the people rebelled, triggering a rebellion among the natives of jiaozhou.the former governor of jiaozhou, kuaiji zhu fu, appointed many of his fellow villagers, such as yu bao and liu yan, as officials, oppressed the people, and imposed taxes on them. one yellow croaker was worth one bushel of rice. the people resented and rebelled, and bandits came out to attack the prefectures and counties. fu fled into the sea, and became a wanderer and lost.in the eighth year of jian'an (203), zhu fu was killed by the rebels, and the court was unable to control the situation in jiaozhou. shi xie took the opportunity to submit a petition to the central government to let his three younger brothers serve as governors of three counties in jiaozhou. shi xie submitted a petition to appoint his younger brother shi yi as governor of hepu, his second brother shi mi, the county magistrate of xuwen county, as governor of jiuzhen, and shi mi's younger brother shi wu as governor of nanhai. seizing the opportunity to expand the power of the shi family in jiaozhou, the court was forced to agree, and the southern part of jiaozhou was then ruled by the shi family."the brothers were both leaders of a county, dominating a state thousands of miles away, with supreme power. when they went in and out, they rang bells and chimes, and were fully dignified. there were horns, flutes, and drums, and their carriages and horses filled the road. there were often dozens of hu people standing by the wheels and burning incense. his wives and concubines rode in chariots, and his sons and daughters followed the soldiers and cavalry. they were very respected at the time, and they frightened and subdued all the barbarians. no one else could match them." ("three kingdoms").

after zhu fu's death, cao cao set his sights on jiaozhou. although cao cao's rule was far from jiaozhou, with liu biao of jingzhou and the sun family of jiangdong in between, cao cao still tried to infiltrate jiaozhou. after zhu fu's death (203), cao cao immediately sent zhang jin to succeed him as the governor of jiaozhou (some say 201 or 197) to contain liu biao. zhang jin fought with liu biao for years."zhangjin, nanyang, is at odds with liu biao, governor of jingzhou. his troops are weak and his enemies are strong. he raises troops every year. the generals are fed up with him and are free to leave or stay."however, jiaozhou was beyond cao cao's reach and difficult to control. around the 11th year of jian'an (206), zhang jin was killed by his general qu jing (who later defected to cangwu prefect wu ju, see below)."jin was a small-time official, lacking in power and authority, and was bullied and eventually killed."taking advantage of this chaos, liu biao of jingzhou appointed lai gong as the governor of jiaozhou and wu ju (in romance of the three kingdoms, he mistakenly wrote wu chen) as the governor of cangwu. (both were from jingzhou) and controlled the northern part of jiaozhou. they wrote to the court to request recognition. cao cao was cleaning up the yuan family at that time and had no time to assess jiaozhou, so he was forced to recognize this established fact. in this way, jiaozhou was divided into north and south by lai gong and wu ju in the north and shi xie in the south. faced with this unfavorable situation, cao cao began to win over shi xie and promoted him."(the court) gave xie a seal and a letter saying: "jiaozhou is a remote place, with rivers and seas to the south. the grace from above is not expressed, and the justice from below is blocked. i know that the traitor liu biao has sent lai gong to spy on the southern land. now i appoint xie as the general of the central army to pacify the south, and command seven counties. he will continue to serve as the governor of jiaozhi."cao cao successively appointed him as general of suinan, general of anyuan, and marquis of longduting. in the 15th year of jian'an (210 ad), he was further awarded the "nine gifts and six dances". in this way, the forces of cao cao and liu biao occupied jiaozhou respectively.

the battle of jiaozhou after the battle of chibi

in the 13th year of jian'an (208), after basically unifying the north, cao cao led his army south to conquer jingzhou. at this time, liu biao died of illness, and liu biao's son liu cong "surrendered the state". liu bei, who was attached to liu biao, became the main target of cao's army. he "brought the people across the river" and was eventually caught up by cao's cavalry at changbanpo in dangyang. he was defeated and retreated to jiangxia (now wuhan, hubei) with liu biao's eldest son liu qi. at that time, liu bei, who was desperate, even derived the idea of ​​​​fleeing to jiaozhou. as early as in the famous "longzhong strategy", zhuge liang said "jingzhou controls han and mianyang in the north and has benefits all over the south china sea", and regarded jiaozhou as a target of contention. when wu sent lu su to negotiate, liu bei said, "he had an old relationship with wu ju, the governor of cangwu, and wanted to go and seek his help.” (it is very likely that the two met in jingzhou)lu su suggested that liu bei form an alliance with sun quan."sun taolu is intelligent and kind, respectful and courteous to the wise and the wise, and all the heroes and nobles of jiangbei have come to him. he has already occupied six counties, with fine soldiers and abundant food, which is enough to establish a cause. now, for your sake, the best thing to do is to send a trusted envoy to the east to promote the friendship of alliance and peace, and to work together for the family cause. as for you, you want to surrender to wu, but i am just an ordinary person, and i am in a remote county, and i am about to be annexed by others. how can i trust you?"liu bei was overjoyed. in this way, the sun-liu alliance was formed to fight against cao's army, which led to the famous battle of chibi, which ended with cao cao's final defeat and retreat to the north.

after the battle of chibi, liu bei seized the four southern counties of jingzhou (lingling, guiyang, wuling, changsha) and occupied the southern part of jingzhou, while zhou yu planned to seize the southern county of jingzhou, blocking liu bei's passage to the north and west. in the 14th year of jian'an (209), liu qi died of illness, and liu bei went to the eastern wu. lu su persuaded the eastern wu to give the southern county to liu bei so that he could resist cao's army. in this way, liu bei obtained the southern county and married sun quan's sister lady sun (sun shangxiang) as his wife. he returned to jingzhou the following year."hou bei went to the capital to see quan and asked to be the governor of jingzhou. wei su persuaded quan to borrow it and jointly resist cao gong. when cao gong heard that quan had acquired the land from hou bei, he wrote a letter and dropped the pen on the ground."(if you don't understand, you can look at the map. this is the so-called "borrowing jingzhou" in the novel. in fact, it is an exchange of interests, not "borrowing"). in this way, cao, liu and sun divided jingzhou (cao cao occupied nanyang county, and sun quan occupied jiangxia county). in order to achieve the strategic goal of "straddling jingzhou and yizhou", liu bei formed an alliance with wu ju and began to attack yizhou, but had no time to take care of jiaozhou. jiaozhou attracted the attention of dongwu. at this time, wu ju and lai gong fell out. wu ju raised an army to expel lai gong and was able to dominate. lai gong fled back to lingling county in jingzhou (he eventually surrendered to liu bei and later served as the minister of rites in shu han (editor's note))

nine counties of jingxiang (actually seven counties)

when liu bei was a guest in wu, wu took the opportunity to start planning to seize jiaozhou. in the 16th year of jian'an (211), sun quan started planning to seize jingzhou while liu bei was in sichuan and had no time to look south. he appointed bu zhi as the governor of jiaozhou and sent him to lead his troops to the south.

this is what the history books record

"in the 16th year of jian'an, wu sent linhuai bu zhi as the governor of jiaozhou, and led 400 military officials to jiaozhou, but the roads were blocked. cangwu prefect changsha wu ju had 5,000 people. zhi was suspicious of ju, so he first sent yu ju, who met him in lingling, and then he was able to enter the state. after ju accepted zhi, he regretted it. zhi was afraid that he would not be able to survive because he had few soldiers. ju had a commander-in-chief qu jing, who was as brave and strategic as ju, and used the men as his own. zhi hated him, so he secretly sent someone to ask ju to come, and ju went to tell jing not to come to zhi. zhi kept asking, and jing went again, so they were both beheaded in the courtyard in front of the hall, and their heads were displayed to the public.”

"bu zhi killed wu ju and qu jing, and ordered his troops to strengthen their fleet, with a force of 20,000, and went down to take nanhai. heng yi and qian bo, both from cangwu, were members of su ju's army, and they led an army to meet zhi at the gaoyao gorge in cangwu. the two armies met there and engaged in battle. yi and his men jumped into the water and died, with more than a thousand people dead."

bu zhiit is a "myth" that only 400 people captured wu ju, who had gathered 5,000 people, and killed wu ju and qu jing. behind the myth, it is probably that bu zhi directly used the "hongmen banquet" to play a conspiracy and directly beheaded wu ju, qu jing and others to "lure and kill" them, thereby controlling the northern part of jiaozhou. it is unknown what role liu bei played in this process. some historians believe that liu bei had reached an agreement with the eastern wu during his time in the eastern wu to exchange jiaozhou for nanjun, so he stood idly by ("the fight for jiaozhou in the three kingdoms period" by ling wenchao). some scholars believe that liu bei tried to stop it, but gave up because of his weak strength and unwillingness to make enemies with the eastern wu.(the biography of bu zhi in the records of the three kingdoms: in the 15th year of jian'an, he was appointed as the governor of poyang. in the middle of the year, he was transferred to the post of governor of jiaozhou, appointed as the military commander, and led a thousand military archers, [traveling south by road]. the next year, he was appointed as the envoy with imperial seals and the military commander of the southern expedition. wu ju, the governor of cangwu appointed by liu biao, secretly harbored disloyal intentions and was compliant on the outside but disobedient on the inside. bu zhi surrendered with the intention of seducing him and asked to meet him, so he was beheaded and made a show of his power, which greatly shocked the world. shi xie and his brothers all came to serve him, and the people of the southern land the term "bin" means the beginning of this period. poyang is located in the north of yuzhang. "records of the three kingdoms: biography of the king of wu" says: in the 15th year, yuzhang was divided into poyang county. "notes on the classic of waterways" quotes "spring and autumn annals of jiaoguang" and says: in the 16th year of jian'an, wu sent linhuai bu zhi as the governor of jiaozhou, with 400 military officials to jiaozhou, [but the roads were blocked]. wu ju, the governor of cangwu, had 5,000 people. zhi was suspicious of ju, so he sent someone to inform ju first, and ju welcomed him in lingling, and then he was able to enter the state. )but in any case, liu bei did not take any effective action to stop the eastern wu, so the eastern wu was able to occupy the northern part of jiaozhou. shi xie, who ruled the southern part of jiaozhou, saw that the eastern wu was powerful, and also submitted to the eastern wu and became a vassal of the eastern wu. in the 20th year of jian'an (215), the xiang river was used to demarcate the boundary between sun and liu, and the eastern wu obtained the three counties of jiangxia, changsha, and guiyang in jingzhou east of the xiang river. in the 24th year of jian'an (219), lu meng fought without declaration, "crossed the river in white clothes", took advantage of guan yu's northern expedition, attacked jingzhou, and seized the remaining three counties of jingzhou (nanjun, wuling, and lingling). guan yu was defeated, the sun-liu alliance broke down, and the two sides became enemies. after that, in the battle of yiling in the first year of zhangwu (221), the eastern wu defeated liu bei again, and except for the northern part of jingzhou occupied by cao wei, they occupied all of jingzhou, completely cutting off the possibility of liu bei's group getting involved in jiaozhou.

bu zhi (also known as zishan, was portrayed as a clown in romance of the three kingdoms to highlight zhuge liang's battle of wits with scholars, but he was actually a very capable person)

as the alliance between sun and liu was split and reunited, the eastern wu continued to exercise indirect rule in the southern part of jiaozhou. from then on, until the death of shi xie (226), both sides maintained this model. shi xie was more supportive of the eastern wu, and even actively induced the yizhou tyrants to rebel after liu bei's death to support sun quan."at the end of jian'an, xie sent his son xin as a hostage, and quan made him the governor of wuchang. xie also induced the wealthy family of yizhou, yong kai, etc., to lead the people of the county to emigrate to the east. quan praised this and promoted him to general of the guard and granted him the title of marquis of longbian. xie sent envoys to quan every time, bringing thousands of various incense and fine ramie, pearls, large shells, oysters, jade, tortoise shells, rhinoceros, elephants, rare objects and fruits, bananas, longans and the like, every year. at one time, hundreds of horses were offered as tribute. quan always wrote letters and gave him generous favors to comfort him."during shi xie's administration of jiaozhou, he encouraged agriculture and sericulture, educated the people, and made outstanding contributions to the development of lingnan. xun yu of cao wei commented: "the governor of jiaozhi was a man of great learning and good at politics. he saved a county in the midst of great chaos. for more than 20 years, there was no war on the battlefield, and the people did not lose their jobs. all the travelers were blessed by him. even if dou rong saved hexi, how can he be compared with him?"since jiaozhou included a vast territory in northern vietnam, the vietnamese general shi xie was also regarded as the monarch of vietnam, calling him "shi wang" and honoring him. he was even posthumously named "shan gan jia ying ling wu da wang" and regarded him as a god and worshiped him. for example, vietnamese historian wu shilian commented in "the history of dai viet" that "king shih reigned for forty years and lived for ninety years. he was kind and modest, and was loved by the people. he preserved the land of vietnam and made it a powerful country against the three kingdoms. he was wise and intelligent, and was worthy of being called a wise king. "our country (vietnam) was well-versed in poetry and literature, and practiced rituals and music, and became a country of literature since king shih. his merits and virtues were not only applied at that time, but also far-reaching to future generations. isn't it great! your unworthiness is your fault."it's ridiculous. but during shi xie's lifetime, the situation of his family controlling the political situation in jiaozhou did not change. except for shi wu's death due to illness in his early years, members of shi xie's family have always served as governors of jiaozhi, hepu and jiuzhen. the taxes and military in lingnan are still controlled by the shi family, which is what sun quan did not want to see.

vietnam temple

jiaozhou during the three eastern wu period

despite the defeat in the battle of yiling, liu bei's group did not give up their efforts to fight for jiaozhou. after the battle of yiling, bu zhi, the governor of jiaozhou of eastern wu, was transferred to jingzhou to fight against liu bei (bu zhi eventually replaced lu xun and served as the prime minister of eastern wu for a time). eastern wu's control over jiaozhou was weakened, and shu han responded immediately. in the first year of zhangwu, the same year of the battle of yiling, liu bei sent li hui to hold the imperial seal and remotely serve as the governor of jiaozhou, showing a posture of competing with eastern wu for jiaozhou. after liu bei's death, zhuge liang ruled shu. in the third year of jianxing (225), zhuge liang pacified nanzhong and still appointed li hui as the governor of jiaozhou and promoted him to general anhan, indicating that he had not given up jiaozhou. it was not until the seventh year of jianxing (229) that sun quan proclaimed himself emperor. the two sides agreed to divide the world together, with jiaozhou belonging to wu. li hui was relieved of his post as the governor of jiaozhou and was made the prefect of jianning. after that, shu han completely gave up jiaozhou and jiaozhou belonged to wu.

at the same time, in 226 ad, shi xie died of illness, and the eastern wu stepped up its plan to completely annex jiaozhou. in the fifth year of huangwu in the eastern wu (226 ad), sun quan then divided jiaozhou into two states, jiao and guang, and put the three counties south of jiaozhi (jiaozhi, jiuzhen, and rinnan) under the jurisdiction of jiaozhou, and the four counties north of hepu (yulin, cangwu, nanhai, and gaoliang) under the jurisdiction of guangzhou. sun wu took advantage of the death of shi xie in 226 ad to implement a new strategic adjustment to jiaozhou, completely excluding the shi family from the power center of jiaozhou:"quan appointed xie's son hui as general of anyuan, and appointed colonel chen shi as xie (the governor of jiaozhi). lü dai proposed to divide the three counties of hainan into jiaozhou, and appointed general dai liang as the governor, and the four counties of haidong into guangzhou, with dai himself as the governor."shi hui could not accept this arrangement, so he started a rebellion in the three counties of hainan (jiaozhi, jiuzhen, and rinnan). lü dai and dai liang, appointed by the eastern wu, joined forces to attack shi hui. when shi hui's subordinates heard that the eastern wu army was coming, they were terrified and the morale of the army was shaken. shi hui's cousin, general shi kuang, had an old relationship with lü dai, and persuaded shi hui to surrender and guaranteed the safety of his life and property. the foolish shi hui and the shi family opened the city to surrender. lü dai pretended to receive them and held a banquet. on the second day, he took advantage of the banquet to suddenly order the beheading of all six of shi hui's brothers and sent their heads to wuchang. he then sent troops to defeat shi hui's generals gan li, huan zhi and others, and put them down. shi hui's rebellion was put down, and the eastern wu directly ruled the vast area of ​​jiaozhou, abolished guangzhou, and merged jiaozhou and guangzhou into one (it can be seen that the establishment of guangzhou was entirely an expedient measure of the eastern wu)the first son, general of the central army (shi) kuang, had an old relationship with (lü) dai. dai appointed kuang as his teacher and friend. he first sent a letter to jiaozhi to warn of the consequences, and then sent kuang to see hui, persuading him to plead guilty. although he lost his position as governor of the county, he would not have to worry about anything else. dai arrived after kuang. hui's brother zhi, his younger brothers gan, song and six others bared their bodies to welcome him. dai thanked him and ordered him to put on his clothes again, and then went to the county. the next morning, the curtains were drawn and hui's brothers were invited to enter in turn. the guests were all seated. dai stood up, held the imperial edict, and counted hui's crimes. his attendants tied him up and took him out. they were all executed and their heads were sent to wuchang. "hui's generals gan li, huan zhi and others led officials and civilians to attack dai. dai fought hard and defeated them, and was promoted to marquis of panyu. so guangzhou was abolished and jiaozhou was restored to its original state. after dai conquered jiaozhou, he went on to attack jiuzhen and captured tens of thousands of people. "

under the rule of eastern wuthe economy and culture of jiaozhou still had some development. dongwu suppressed the rebellion of baiyue, yi and shanyue, registered the people and maintained its rule in jiaozhou. in the seventh year of yong'an (264 ad), as the political situation in lingnan became more stable, the system of the fifth year of huangwu (226 ad) was fully restored. in addition, during the establishment of guangzhou, dongwu also successively established eight counties, including linhe, guilin, shi'an, shixing, gaoliang, gaoxing, ningpu and zhuya. during the reign of the last emperor sun hao, three new counties, xinchang, wuping and jiude, were established in jiaozhou. in this way, by the end of the wu dynasty, guangzhou had seven counties, including cangwu, yulin, nanhai, gaoxing, ningpu, gaoliang and guilin; jiaozhou had eight counties, including jiaozhi, hepu, zhuya, jiuzhen, rinnan, xinchang, jiude and wuping. dongwu also made certain contributions to the development and governance of lingnan. for example, in the fifth year of chiwu (242), gaoliang qushuai rennu and others robbed the people and harmed the officials and civilians. the governor of nanhai, zhongli mu, was ordered to "cross the border to attack" and "subdue them within ten days". in the first year of yankang (220), when lü dai was the governor of jiaozhou, a group of thieves in guiyang and zhenyang counties under the jurisdiction of yulin county rebelled in the border of nanhai county. sun quan ordered lü dai to lead troops to suppress them. lu yin was the most famous governor of jiaozhou in the eastern wu. he governed jiaozhou for more than ten years and made considerable achievements. in the eleventh year of chiwu (248), jiaozhi and jiuzhen yi captured nearby cities and towns, causing "jiaozhou turmoil". sun quan ordered lu yin to be the governor of jiaozhou and the lieutenant of annan to go and pacify them. when lu yin arrived in jiaozhou, he "appealed to kindness and trust" to the rioters and "tried to recruit them". under his careful appeasement, more than 3,000 remnants of huang wu, the leader of gaoliang, "all surrendered". lu yin encouraged agricultural development, built water conservancy projects, and led the people to build reservoirs and ponds, so that "the people could have delicious food". he "proclaimed the emperor's grace" and "recruited the scattered people". he educated the people and gathered the refugees, achieving good results. history records that during lu yin's ten-year rule in jiaozhou, "the seashore was cleared", "commerce and travel were parallel", and "the jiao area was peaceful and peaceful". he was ordered to stay in jiaozhou (jiaozhou) for more than ten years, "the benevolent winds were everywhere", "the people were free from diseases and epidemics, and the crops were abundant". under the governance of the eastern wu, jiaozhou panyu (now guangzhou) became the commercial and shipbuilding center of lingnan."it is located near the sea, and is rich in rhinoceros, elephants, poisonous animals, pearls, silver, copper, fruit, and cloth... panyu is one of the metropolises."as zuo si of the jin dynasty said in his "ode to wudu":the oarsman is selected from fujian and yuyes, however, as the political situation in eastern wu became increasingly corrupt and brutal, the situation in jiaozhou also underwent major changes.

the battle of jiaozhou between jin and wu

in 263 ad, wei destroyed shu. in 265 ad, sima usurped the throne of wei and established the jin dynasty. the three kingdoms became two countries. the northern and western parts of eastern wu were surrounded by jin. the strategic situation was very unfavorable. at the same time, jin also began to prepare to destroy wu. jiaozhou became a new round of battlefields between jin and wu. during the reign of sun xiu, sun chen, the governor of jiaozhi county, was greedy and tyrannical. he once recruited more than a thousand handicrafts from the county to jianye, which made the people extremely dissatisfied. in the fourth year of wei jingyuan and the sixth year of wu yongan (263 ad), the same year when cao wei destroyed shu, deng xun (also known as deng ju), the war inspector, arrived in jiaozhi county and arbitrarily mobilized 3,000 peacocks to moling. the people suffered from the long service, so they had the idea of ​​rebellion. in june, county official lu xing gathered heroes, lured foreigners, raised troops to kill sun chen and deng xun, and started a rebellion. lu xing killed sun yan, the governor of jiaozhi, and passed through huo yi in nanzhong (formerly a general of shu han, who surrendered to cao wei after the fall of shu han)send an envoy to wei to ask for the governor and troops."sima yan immediately appointed huo yi as the governor of jiaozhou, huo yi appointed his general cuan gu as the governor of jiaozhi, and led yang ji, mao jiong, dong yuan, meng gan, li song and other shu han surrendered generals from nanzhong into jiaozhou (this march was mainly for shu han surrendered generals from nanzhong). halfway through the march, lü xing was killed by his subordinate li tong. the wei army marched, defeated the local wu army, and occupied the southern part of jiaozhou. but soon, cuan gu and huo yi died of illness one after another. the jin dynasty appointed ma rong, the son of shu han general ma zhong, to guard jiaozhou, but he also died of illness soon after. the jin dynasty sent yang su, a shu han surrendered general, as the governor of jiaozhou. the successive deaths of the three made the situation of the western jin dynasty in jiaozhou precarious.

the fall of southern jiaozhou attracted considerable attention from the eastern wu.jiaozhi was lost, the lingbiao area was shaken, there was suspicion in the front and back, and there were many difficulties at both ends. this is a disaster for the country.if the western jin dynasty annexed the entire territory of jiaozhou, it could complete the strategic encirclement of the eastern wu from the north, west, and south. the consequences would be disastrous. therefore, the following year, wu lord sun hao sent troops to recapture jiaozhou.wu sent jiaozhou governor liu jun and the former commander xiu ze to attack jiaozhi, but they were defeated by jin general mao jiong and others, and all of them died. the troops dispersed and returned to hepu. (in 269) the wu army sent military supervisor yu si, weinan general xue yu, and cangwu prefect tao huang from jingzhou, and military supervisor li xu and military commander xu cun from jian'an sea road, all to hepu to attack jiaozhi.li xu's advance was unfavorable, he got lost, killed his guide and retreated, and was executed by sun hao. the rest of the wu army also suffered a setback in the first battle, but because tao huang was resourceful and commanded well, paying attention to dividing the enemy and winning the hearts of the people, the wu army became more and more courageous and won victory after victory.

"wu sent yu si as military supervisor, xue yu as general weinan and grand commander, and huang as prefect of cangwu, to fight against ji at fenshui. huang was defeated and retreated to hepu, losing his two generals. yu said to huang in anger, "if you volunteered to fight the enemy, but lost two generals, where is your responsibility?" huang said, "i was not able to carry out your will, and the armies were not obedient, so we were defeated. "yu was angry and wanted to lead his army back. huang attacked dong yuan at night with hundreds of soldiers, seized his treasures, and returned with the boats. yu thanked him and appointed huang to lead jiaozhou as the commander of the front troops. huang came unexpectedly from the sea route and went straight to jiaozhi, and yuan opposed him. the generals were about to fight, but huang suspected that there were ambushes inside the broken wall, and lined up long spears far behind. as soon as the troops met, yuan pretended to retreat, and huang pursued him. the ambushes really came out, and the long spears met them, defeating yuan and others. thousands of pieces of brocade on the treasure ship that had been seized were given to liang qi, the leader of the fuyan bandits, and qi led more than 10,000 people to help huang. yuan had a brave general jie xi in the city, and huang lured his younger brother xiang to write a letter to xi, and also let xiang ride huang's chariot, with drums and music leading the way. yuan and others said: "if xiang is like this, xi must have given up." so they killed him."

——book of jin

tao huang first defeated the jin army by launching a night attack, and then avoided the strong and attacked the weak, bypassing the land route and directly taking jiaozhou city (zhilongbian, now east of hanoi, vietnam) from the sea, catching the jin army off guard. since the journey from nanzhong to jiaozhou was difficult, and the western jin dynasty did not attach importance to the situation in jiaozhou (firstly because of the rebellion of tufa shuji neng of the xianbei, secondly, jiaozhou was located in a remote area, and thirdly, the troops entering jiaozhou this time were mainly surrendered troops from shu han, and the western jin dynasty just happened to "kill with a borrowed knife"), the eastern wu sent out a large army this time, with a strength of 100,000 people "(in the spring of the seventh year of taishi, wu lord sun hao sent the grand commander xue wei and jiaozhou governor tao huang to lead an army of 200,000, and together with fu yan and the e yi, they attacked jiaozhi with a combined force of 100,000.in 271 ad, the various wu armies joined together. the jin army was outnumbered and besieged in jiaozhou city. the wu army stepped up its attack.tao huang surrounded the city. he blocked the roads and rescue was not coming. although he distributed food, it was still not enough to keep going. by the seventh month of autumn, the food in the city was gone and most people died of disease and starvation.wang yue, a jiaozhi native, secretly communicated with tao huang and agreed to surrender. he deployed ladders to let the wu army enter the city. after the city was broken, the wu army killed most of the western jin generals and more than 2,000 elite troops, causing heavy casualties to the wu army and killing wu generalliu jun, xiu zemao jiong was even executed by having his abdomen cut open and his heart dug out."huang thought jiong was brave and wanted to pardon him; but (xiu) yun (son of xiu ze) insisted on killing jiong, and jiong refused to yield to huang. huang was furious, so he imprisoned him naked and bound his face, and shouted, "jin soldiers are thieves!" jiong also shouted loudly, "wu dog, how can you be a thief!" the wu people cut open his belly, and yun cut out his liver, and shouted, "the belly of the captive is a thief!" jiong kept shouting, saying, "i still want to kill your sun hao, why is your father a dead dog!" the wu people beheaded him."yang ji, meng gan, cuan xiong, li song and other major generals of the jin army were escorted to eastern wu. except for meng gan who managed to escape, the rest of the generals died in eastern wu. the battle for jiaozhou ended with the victory of eastern wu, but this could not save eastern wu from its fate of destruction. in less than ten years, the western jin dynasty destroyed wu, and the three kingdoms were unified. the western jin dynasty became the final winner of the battle for jiaozhou. (it is worth mentioning that after the demise of eastern wu, tao huang still held jiaozhou and refused to surrender. he was even ready to send troops to recover. only after sun hao’s personal letter of persuasion and his son tao rong’s persuasion did he reluctantly agree to surrender to the western jin dynasty. the western jin dynasty still appointed him as the governor of jiaozhou. tao huang served for more than 30 years and made considerable achievements. he died of illness during the yongping period (290-300). when he died, the people cried like they had lost their parents, and the vietnamese also believed that he was "his prestige and virtue were well known, and he was admired by the common people. they respected him very much and built a temple to worship him.）

references

original historical materials

book of the later han

romance of the three kingdoms

zizhi tongjian

huayang guozhi

"jiao guang chun qiu"

dai viet history

academic papers

"on the development and governance of lingnan by the eastern wu during the three kingdoms period" by duan tali

on the struggle for jiaozhou during the three kingdoms period by ling wenchao