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Xu Wei of the Ming Dynasty was the founder of freehand painting of flowers and birds in China. After Xu Wei, he pushed freehand painting to a climax. This was Li Shan, one of the "Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou" in the Qing Dynasty. Li Shan was very good at using water, so much so that when you appreciate his paintings many years later, you can still feel the dripping ink and the moist flowers and leaves, which shows that he had a deep attainment.

Li Shan once wrote a poem on his ink-and-wash flowers: "Bada Shanren is good at using the brush, but his ink is not as good as Shitao. Qingxiang Dadizi (Shitao) is the best at using ink, and the brush is second. The combination of brush and ink is vivid, and the magic lies in the use of water. I am good at using water, but my use of ink and brush is far inferior to those two gentlemen. This shows the difficulty of using brush and ink." It can be seen that he was quite proud of his way of using water.

In his early years, Li Shan learned landscape painting from his fellow villager Wei Lingcang, inheriting the style of Huang Gongwang. When he served in the imperial court, he learned painting from Jiang Tingxi, and his painting method was meticulous. Later, he sought advice from the finger painting master Gao Qipei, and then he began to advocate freehand painting. In Yangzhou, he was inspired by Shi Tao's brushwork, and then he used broken brushes and splashed ink to paint, which greatly changed his style and formed his own unique style of freehand painting and "ink and water blending into fun".

Li Lian's brushstrokes are free and unrestrained, the pictures are vivid and unrestrained, and the painting style is fresh and natural. He said that when using a brush, "I don't stick to the rules of the ancients, but let nature take its course." The brushstrokes seem arbitrary, but in fact they are very methodical. He often uses a broad brush to indulge, and a fine brush to achieve details.

Li Shan's paintings are innovative, interesting and natural, and have the potential to change the painting style of the Qing Dynasty. Li Shan inherited the literati painting style pioneered by Bai Yang, Qing Teng, Shi Tao and Bada, boldly refreshed the individual conception of flower and bird painting, and enriched the expression techniques of flower and bird painting.