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recently, indong yuhui’s live broadcastexplained in itmarie curiethere were very obvious factual errors in the relevant content. during the live broadcast, he claimed that madame curie discovered uranium, an important raw material for the atomic bomb, invented the x-ray machine, and won the nobel prize for literature, etc. there are obvious factual errors in these.

figure 1. dong yuhui talks about marie curie | source: internet

so let’s test your answers to these questions first~

01

marie curie discovered ___ and ____.

a.radium

b.bismuth

c.polonium

d. actinium

02

marie curie won the nobel ____.

a.physics prize

b. chemistry award

c.peace prize?

d. economics prize (no way)

03

who invented the x-ray machine?

a.pierre curie

b.max von laue

c.william conrad roentgen

d. russell reynolds

click to answer the question, then read below after answering~

in fact, the elements discovered by the curies wereradium and polonium, the element polonium is derived fromuranium pitchseparated from it. after discovering these two elements1903, jointly obtained by the curies and becquerel for their research on radioactivitynobel prize in physics, and subsequently obtainednobel prize in chemistry, rather than the nobel prize in literature. in addition, the x-ray machine was not invented by marie curie, but was based on the discovery of x-rays by german physicist röntgen.russell reynoldsinvented. after the outbreak of world war i, madame curie improved and inventedmobile x-ray machine, helped treat many french wounded soldiers.

figure 2. madame curie and her two daughters

dong yuhui made many factual errors in his remarks during the live broadcast, but after all, human knowledge is limited, and even the most knowledgeable people will inevitably make mistakes. no one is perfect. as a member of the institute of physics, chinese academy of sciences, the editor still feels obliged to popularize science for everyone~

just on october 8th and october 9th, the 2024 nobel prizes in physics and chemistry will be announced, and the world's attention will be focused on this.

as ordinary people, it is natural to talk about this topic after dinner. in order to help everyone better understand the nobel prize, and even help everyone use it to pretend to be x without committing factual crimes when necessary. wrong, the editor here also offers a copy for you.nobel prizedreaming guide~

◀the subject pyramid in the nobel prize▶

as one of the first batch of nobel prize winners,rutherfordreceived in 1908 for the discoveryalpha rays and beta raysas well asradioactive half-lifeand won the nobel prize in chemistry. from the perspective of modern science, an atom is composed of a nucleus and electrons outside the nucleus, and the nucleus is composed of charged protons and uncharged neutrons. in rutherford's day (early 20th century),atomismit is widely accepted, but the internal structure of atoms is still something that needs to be explored.

figure 3. portrait of rutherford

rutherford mentioned beforebecquerel discovered radioactivityon the basis of more in-depth research on radioactive rays, it was found that there are two types of natural rays, one can be easily blocked by a single layer of aluminum foil, and the other requires multiple layers of aluminum foil to block. these two rays are named alpha and beta rays, and later the french physicist villars discovered a more penetrating ray, named gamma rays. experimental results of these three types of rays moving in a magnetic field show that alpha rays are positively charged, beta rays are negatively charged, and gamma rays are uncharged. now scientists have revealed that alpha rays are actually helium atoms that have lost two electrons, that is,helium nucleus, contains two positively charged protons and has a large mass, while beta rays areelectron flow, gamma rays arephoton beam。

figure 4. comparison of penetration capabilities of different rays

it can be seen that the current exploration of the internal structure of atoms in the physics community basically originated from rutherford's experiments, but what he finally won was the nobel prize in chemistry. he himself was a little depressed about winning the chemistry prize. ,express

"the fastest chemical change in the world was in myself, because overnight i changed from a physicist to a chemist."

of course, there are many similar subject pyramids in history...

figure 5. discipline pyramid | source: sponge speech-li jianlong

in fact, there has never been this kind of practice in various disciplines before.up and downin fact, the relationship is not about who is superior., but every natural science can be carried out at the next level using itrestoration explanation. in this picture, you can see that many biological processes can actually be described by chemical processes, and chemical processes are actually quantum mechanics in the final analysis. it can be seen that if we keep going upward, there are still areas that humans have not yet explored. so from this point of view, the contempt chain is more of a joke by scientists~

now the nobel prize in chemistry is dubbed "nobel prize in science"not only do physicists often receive this award, but more and more biological researchers have received this award in recent years... i wonder if rutherford learned that his award was also received by biologists. what would you think if you have been there?

◀nobel prizes will also come together▶

so far, there have been6 couples, 6 fathers and sons, 1 brotherwon the nobel prize.

kinship in the nobel prize

1. couple

1. 1903 physics prize, mr. and mrs. curie

2. 1935 chemistry prize, joliot-curie and his wife

3. physiology or medicine prize 1947, mr. and mrs. corey

4. mr. and mrs. murdal won the economics prize and the peace prize in 1974 and 1982 respectively.

5. 2014 physiology or medicine prize, mr. and mrs. moser

6. economics prize 2019, mr. and mrs. banerjee

2. father and son

1. 1915 physics prize, bragg and his sons

2. thomson and his son won the physics prize in 1906 and 1937 respectively.

3. oyler and his son won the chemistry prize, physiology or medicine prize in 1929 and 1970 respectively.

4. bohr and his son won the physics prize in 1922 and 1975 respectively.

5. sigbarn and his son won the physics prize in 1924 and 1981 respectively.

6. kornberg and his son won the medicine or physiology award and the chemistry award in 1959 and 2006 respectively.

3. brothers

the tinbergen brothers won the economics prize and the physiology or medicine prize in 1969 and 1973 respectively.

click to expand animation

the most famous among couples is the one mentioned beforemr. and mrs. curie, who won the nobel prize in physics for their research on radioactive substances. in fact, the curies have two daughters. the eldest daughterirène curie and husband fredrio joriotogether they won the 1935 nobel prize in chemistry for their research on artificial radioactivity.second daughter ive curie and her husband henri laboisas executive director of the united nations children's fund, he received the nobel peace prize that year.

from this point of view, the curie family can be said to be an entire nobel prize family~

among the father and son nobel prize winners,bragg and sonshe won the nobel prize in physics for his analysis of crystal structures using x-rays. they usex-ray irradiation of the crystal produces a lattice pattern, this is because x-rays are electromagnetic waves, which will cause diffraction when irradiating the crystal lattice. such experimental results illustrate that x-rays have wave properties and also provide an effective tool for studying crystals. the braggs also determined the structures of sodium chloride, zinc sulfide and diamond based on this property.

figure 6. parent wh bragg (left) and son wl bragg (right)

figure 7. diffraction of x-rays in the crystal lattice | source: wiki

thomson and sonsthey have made achievements in different fields. my fatherjoseph thomsontheoretical and experimental research on the conduction of gases won him the 1906 nobel prize in physics, songeorge thomson and davidsontogether he won the 1937 nobel prize in physics for discovering the phenomenon of electron interference in crystals.

in addition to his sons, joseph thomson also trained a large number of nobel prize winners, includingwilsonand the previously mentionedrutherford. based on thomson's teaching and training philosophy, rutherford trained a large number of well-known scientists, including many of his assistants and students. here we will continue to let you recall who are the great ones~

rutherford's nobel prize in education list

in 1908, rutherford won the nobel prize in chemistry for "chemical studies of the transformation of elements and radioactive substances"

in 1921, his assistant frederic soddy (1877-1956) won the nobel prize in chemistry

in 1922, his postdoc niels bohr (1885-1962) won the nobel prize in physics

in 1927, his assistant charles wilson (1869-1959) won the nobel prize in physics

in 1935, his student james chadwick (1891-1974) won the nobel prize in physics

in 1943, his student george de hevesi (1885-1966) won the nobel prize in chemistry

in 1944, his postdoctoral fellow otto hahn (1879-1968) won the nobel prize in chemistry

in 1948, his student patrick blackett (1897-1974) won the nobel prize in physics

in 1950, his student cecil powell (1903-1969) won the nobel prize in physics

in 1951, his students john cockcroft (1897-1967) and ernest walton (1903-1995) shared the nobel prize in physics

in 1978, his student peter kapitsa (1894-1984) won the nobel prize in physics

in addition, there were several colleagues who collaborated with rutherford: francis aston (chemistry prize 1922), george thomson (physics prize 1937), edward appleton (physics prize 1947) .

figure 7. rutherford-appleton laboratory in the uk, nicknamed the "nobel prize kindergarten" | source: rutherford discovered alpha and beta rays in 1899 (external story) - luo huiqian's blog

if there was an award for cultivating nobel prize talents, then rutherford must be the first~

◀the award ceremony is also a long-distance race▶

of course, the most telling story is that of participating in a nobel prize dinner~

don't worry! let the editor take you through it,if you suddenly won the nobel prize or if your friends or family won the prize and took you with them, what extraordinary journey would you experience?, from the preparations before the ceremony, to the shining moments at the ceremony, to the small romance at the dinner.

suppose you win the nobel prize. first, the nobel prize jury willoctoberto give you a formal notice. while you are feeling ecstatic, you may still be struggling: "do i need to make any preparations? no need to prepare a long speech, right?" don't worry, they will help you make arrangements.

existearly december, you will be invited to the swedish capitalstockholm, check into a high-end hotel, the nobel prize foundation will prepare everything. of course, you need to note that the nobel prize dinner has strict dress requirements. men must wear a white tie evening dress, including a black tie with a silk neckline and a short front. tuxedo; black trousers with two rows of tassels on each leg, white stiff-collar shirt and collar button, white bow tie, white low-cut waistcoat, black dress socks and black dress shoes. the dress code for women is simpler and there are no restrictions on color or design.

figure 8. on december 10, 2019, the nobel prize award ceremony was held at the royal theater in stockholm

the next few days will be very hectic. first of all, nobel prize winners need to give a public speech within six months after receiving the prize. perhaps if you are an i person, this may be one of the few reasons why you do not want to win the nobel prize?

when the awards ceremony is over, don’t think you can breathe a sigh of relief. there are stillnobel dinner! this dinner is arranged atstockholm city hall blue room, having dinner with celebrities including the king of sweden, the royal family and you is definitely one of the most dazzling moments of the year.

the dinner party looks extremely luxurious, but here’s the key point:the serving size may be much smaller than you think!although each dish is extremely exquisite and the presentation is beautiful, you may actually have to maintain your manners and eat slowly, otherwise you will be gone after two or three bites.three course menugenerally include:

appetizers: usually some exquisite seafood, such as smoked salmon or caviar.

main course: maybe a plate of slow-cooked venison or cod with vegetables.

dessert: a piece of chocolate mousse or ice cream.

drinks: generally provide relatively expensive wines, and there will also be many other drinks in the buffet such as whiskey, beer, rum, etc.

figure 9. a seat at the nobel dinner | source: the paper

the menu is kept secret until the dinner, so think of it as a blind box restaurant experience!

so, next time you daydream about winning a nobel prize, remember:it is not only a supreme honor, but also a carefully planned "celebrity trip"。

in short, this time i have given you so much nobel prize story material, i believe it will help you make better use of nobel prize topics to talk about in social circles, and of course you will not make serious factual errors~

finally, i hope that this article will no longer be a guide to dreaming, and that this year’s nobel prize will be held by all of you.

~if there is a big boss who can win the award, consider whether he can bring the editor with him~